He later showed that the people were infected with salmonella prior to taking the antibiotics, but that the antibiotics triggered the onset of salmonella poisoning. He ruled out the possibility that the antibiotics themselves were infected with the bacteria because three of the patients were not taking antibiotics at all. A young scientist, Scott Holmberg, noted that eight patients were taking the same antibiotics for sore throats. What was striking about the cases in Minnesota was that each patient had severe symptoms and all the patients were infected with the same, rare strain of salmonella, resistant to several common antibiotics. Forty thousand Americans are hospitalized with salmonella poisoning every year. This number itself was not striking at all. In Minnesota in 1983, 11 people were hospitalized with salmonella poisoning. However, animals fed antibiotics can carry especially deadly strains of salmonella. Questions 27 and 28 are based on the following passageįarm animals can carry salmonella, a kind of bacteria that can cause severe food poisoning. Pluto should be grouped with planets known as gas giants. Which one of the following statements is NOT backed with an explanation? Pluto has been classified as a planet for more than sixty years since the discovery. Pluto, like the planet Mercury, has little or no atmosphere. Pluto orbits the sun just like the other eight planets. Which argument supporting the classification of Pluto as a planet is the weakest? Pluto is a planet because it has been classified as one for more than sixty years since its discovery. Pluto is also not an asteroid, although its density is closer to an asteroid than to any of the other planets. Pluto is definitely not a comet because it does not have a tail like a comet when it is near the sun. In addition, Pluto, like the planet Mercury, has little or no atmosphere. Based on its distance from the sun, Pluto should be grouped with the planets known as gas giants. Pluto orbits the sun just like the other eight planets, and it has a moon, Charon, and a stable orbit. Questions 20 and 21 are based on the following passageīased on perturbations in Neptune’s orbit, the search for a ninth planet was conducted and Pluto was discovered in 1930. The containers were not filled completely Water in different containers was heated for different amounts of time. A different hot plate was used to heat water in different containers. All the containers were filled with the same amount of water. Which two statements are valid objections to the experimental setup? The smaller the radius of the container, the faster it reaches the set temperature. The greater the radius of the container, the slower it reaches the set temperature. The radius of the container is not related to the rate of evaporation. The greater the radius of the container, the higher the rate of evaporation. The greater the radius of the container, the lower the rate of evaporation. What can the student conclude from the data? In container 1, volume decrease was barely detectable. She also found that the decrease in volume was highest in the container with the largest radius. The student checked the volume of the water in each container and found that it was lower than 300 ml. Following container 5, the water in containers 4, 3, 2, and 1, in that order, reached the set temperature. After some time, the temperature in the 10-cm radius container reached the set 90° C. She noticed that the temperature was increasing faster in the containers with a larger radius. She placed each container, containing the same amount of water, on a hot plate, and placed a thermometer in each to monitor the temperature. The following table lists the dimensions of the containers and the amount of water initially present. In other words, some containers were narrow and tall, others were wide and shallow. She used five cylindrical 500-milliliter glass containers, each having the same wall thickness but a different base radius and height. She decided to measure the amount of water evaporated when 300 ml of water in five different containers was heated from room temperature to 90° C on preheated hot plates. Questions 17 and 18 are based on the following passage.Ī science student hypothesized that the rate of evaporation of water depends on the shape of the container the water is placed in.
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